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Lessons from a Study on Hay Variability: Insights for Organic Producers

When it comes to hay production, many farmers assume that bales harvested from the same field will contain similar nutrient levels. The differences across fields was evident in a recent article by Michael Reuter in Progressive Forage1. His article and data show us all, the significant differences even among bales from the same field. Understanding and managing these differences can make a big impact, especially for organic farmers who want to optimize livestock nutrition and maintain a consistent quality of forage.

Variability in Nutrient Composition: What the Data Tells Us

The following table from the article1 presents the nutrient composition and analysis of 20 individual bales randomly sampled from an 86-acre hay field, which was managed as a unit and harvested all at the same time:

The analysis of the 20 hay bales showed surprising variability in key nutrients such as Crude Protein (%CP), fiber content (measured as %ADF and %NDF), and essential minerals like Calcium (%CA) and Phosphorus (%P). Summary statistics of the nutrient composition are presented below:

Crude protein, for example, varied from 9.7% to 15.9%. This 6.2 percentage point difference could significantly influence the nutritional value of hay fed to livestock.

Fiber levels also differed substantially. The ranges in Acid Detergent Fiber (%ADF) and Neutral Detergent Fiber (%NDF) directly affect how digestible the hay is and how much livestock will eat. Calcium and phosphorus levels, which are critical for bone health and metabolic functions, also showed noteworthy differences between bales.

Why Does This Variability Happen?

Even in a well-managed hayfield, several factors can contribute to this nutrient variability:

  1. Soil Fertility Differences: Organic amendments like compost or manure may not be evenly spread across the field. Variability in soil nutrients can cause different areas of the field to produce hay with varying nutrient levels.
  2. Crop Rotation and Plant Diversity: Rotating different crops or allowing natural diversity in the field is beneficial for soil health, but it can also lead to differences in how well each crop absorbs nutrients.
  3. Pest, Weed, and Microclimate Effects: Organic fields often have more variability in pest pressure, weed growth, and microclimates. These differences can lead to uneven growth, which in turn affects nutrient content.
Managing Nutrient Variability

To minimize these differences and provide more consistent forage quality, farmers can take several practical steps:

  • Soil Testing: Regularly test soil across different sections of the field. This helps identify nutrient deficiencies or hotspots, allowing targeted amendment application.
  • Even Amendment Application: When applying compost, manure, or other organic fertilizers, try to ensure even distribution across the field. Variability in amendment application is a key factor in nutrient inconsistency.
  • Use Cover Crops: Cover cropping can help improve soil structure and increase nutrient cycling, which leads to more uniform plant growth.
  • Monitor Harvest Stages: Harvesting at a consistent plant maturity stage across the field can help reduce variability. Plants harvested at different growth stages can differ significantly in nutrient content.
  • Matching Regular Soil and Forage Testing: Applying soil nutrients based on soil tests and then testing multiple hay bales gives a clearer picture of the overall nutrient profile from start to finish. Testing hay allows adjustments in livestock feeding to meet nutritional needs effectively and maybe even save money!
Why Managing Nutrient Variability Matters

In organic systems, where synthetic supplements are not allowed, maximizing the natural nutrient content of forages is essential. Variable hay quality can significantly impact livestock health, as inconsistencies in nutrition may lead to reduced growth rates, lower milk production, or other health issues. Moreover, optimizing the quality of on-farm forage can reduce the need for expensive purchased supplements and any organic supplements are not cheap.

Maintaining consistent forage quality also supports animal welfare, which is a core value of organic and sustainable farming. Healthy, well-fed animals are more resistant to disease, aligning with the organic principle of promoting natural immunity and reducing intervention.

Conclusion

Variability is a natural part of farming, but with informed management, we can turn that variability into an opportunity for learning and improvement—ultimately providing better feed for our livestock and keeping our farms resilient.

1.Data Source: October 1, 2024 issue of Progressive Forage written by Michael Reuter, Analytical Services Technical Manager at Dairy One Cooperative Inc. and Equi-Analytical Labs.

The Struggle for Organic Integrity: Fraud in Organic Imports Exposed

Photo: GHY International

In recent years, the organic food industry has undergone dramatic growth, becoming a nearly $200 billion global market and projected to exceed $500 billion by 2032. This explosive growth has brought significant benefits but also intensified the challenges of maintaining organic integrity across international borders. With increasing incidents of organic fraud, particularly involving imports, the USDA has introduced stringent new regulations to combat these threats. However, these changes have had significant consequences—both intended and unintended—affecting organic farmers, importers, and ultimately the consumers who rely on the organic label.

Organic Fraud and the Need for Regulatory Change

As the organic industry expanded, so did the instances of fraud. Products labeled as organic but failing to meet standards, such as genetically modified (GM) contamination or falsely certified imports, began to compromise the integrity of the organic market. Reports of fraudulent organic certifications from regions like the Black Sea and India have been on the rise, drawing concern from both regulatory bodies and farmers who follow rigorous organic practices (Dieterle, 2024).

One recent case highlighted these challenges: a consignment of Pakistani organic Basmati rice was found to contain traces of GM elements, a discovery that could be traced back to hybrid seeds imported from China. This contamination threatened consumer confidence, particularly in the European market, where expectations for organic integrity are stringent (The Hindu Businessline, 2024). For U.S. farmers who work tirelessly to uphold organic standards, such incidents cast a shadow over the entire industry, making it crucial for regulators to act.

USDA’s Strengthening Organic Enforcement (SOE) Rules

To address these growing concerns, the USDA implemented the Strengthening Organic Enforcement (SOE) rules in 2023, which took effect in March 2024. These rules are designed to enhance traceability and certification requirements across the organic supply chain. Unlike the previous system, which focused mainly on organic producers and farms, the SOE rules mandate certification for every entity that handles organic products—from farms to distributors, importers, and even transporters (Dieterle, 2024).

The SOE rules have already begun to make an impact. According to the Organic and Non-GMO Report, six months into enforcement, 85% of imported organic goods were compliant with new certification standards. This has helped weed out fraudulent products, particularly those originating from China that were previously imported under false certificates. Companies like Axiom Foods, which specializes in organic rice protein, have seen fraudulent competitors exit the market due to their inability to meet the new standards (Organic and Non-GMO Report, 2024).

The Impact on Wine Importers

While the intention behind the SOE rules is to strengthen the organic supply chain, it has also created significant challenges for certain sectors. The global wine industry, for instance, has faced a compliance crisis under the new rules. Not only must the grapes and the wine itself be certified organic, but now importers and any logistics companies involved must also acquire organic certification. This expansion of certification requirements has caused confusion and increased administrative burdens, particularly for smaller importers who lack the resources to quickly adapt to the new regulations (Dieterle, 2024).

For many wine importers, the lack of direct communication from the USDA about these new requirements added to the confusion. Many only learned of the new rules through frantic messages from their partners or logistics companies. Despite these difficulties, the USDA has made it clear that non-compliance could result in significant fines, pushing smaller players to either comply, pull products off shelves, or drop the organic label—even if the wine was legitimately produced according to organic standards (Dieterle, 2024). Texas organic grape growers can only benefit from these issues and hopefully gain new, long lasting market agreements for their grapes.

Market Shifts and Organic Farmer Concerns

For U.S. organic farmers, the influx of imports—many of which have been under scrutiny for failing to meet proper organic standards—poses a direct threat to their livelihood. Fraudulent organic imports not only dilute the market but can also drive down prices, making it harder for genuinely organic products to compete. With the introduction of the SOE rules, the USDA aims to bring greater transparency to the organic supply chain, restoring confidence in the organic label and, ideally, leveling the playing field for farmers who adhere to the high standards required for certification.

Axiom Foods, for example, saw increased demand for their organic rice protein as a result of stricter enforcement. Food and beverage manufacturers now need to be more diligent in sourcing certified organic ingredients, which has created new opportunities for compliant suppliers from Texas or elsewhere (Organic and Non-GMO Report, 2024).

US Farmers Hope SOE Will Stem the Tide of Cheap Organic Imports

While the SOE rules are making strides in preventing fraud and restoring consumer trust, the implementation challenges highlight the difficulties of regulating a rapidly growing industry that crosses international borders. For now, U.S. organic farmers hope that the strengthened regulations will ultimately reduce fraudulent imports, allowing their genuine products to stand out in an increasingly crowded market.

For the farmers who uphold organic principles, these efforts represent both a challenge and an opportunity. The challenge lies in navigating a complex global marketplace, but the opportunity exists to set a higher standard for organic integrity, benefiting both producers and consumers. As we look ahead, finding ways to support smaller players in the organic market while ensuring compliance remains a critical issue for policymakers and industry leaders alike.

Sources:

  • The Hindu Businessline. (2024). China may have been the source of GMO rice in Pakistan organic Basmati consignment.
  • Dieterle, C. J. (2024). New USDA Organic Rules Put Wine Importers in a Bind. Reason.com.
  • Organic and Non-GMO Report. (2024). New USDA organic fraud rules are working, says organic rice protein supplier. October 2024.

Organic Dairy Feeding Trial

Dr. Sushil Paudyal is Assistant Professor of Dairy Science at Texas A&M and an outstanding dairy researcher.  Dr. Paudyal has a great interest in both nutrition and health issues in dairy cows, but he also likes to study these kinds of interactions in organic dairy cows. Sushil and I have been teaming up over the past couple of years on a few projects and we are starting one this fall (October 2024) that is very interesting. 

In partnership with Kent Nutrition Group, we’re conducting a feeding trial involving a Humic Acid Substance, specifically Menefeed MFG 150, with pens of lactating organic dairy cows. We’ll compare a group that receives Menefeed MFG 150 to a non-fed group and then switch the groups for another phase of the study. This “crossover” design will help us better understand how the supplement impacts these animals.

Our focus will be on three main areas:

  1. Milk Yield and Composition: We’ll monitor how Menefeed MFG 150 affects both the quantity of milk produced and its quality, including components like fat and protein content.
  2. Health Status: By analyzing blood serum tests, we aim to understand how this humic acid substance might influence cow health—looking at factors like immune function and overall vitality.
  3. Rumination and Milk Conductivity: Using sensors, we plan to track rumination time and milk conductivity, which can give insights into digestive efficiency and udder health.

Menefeed MFG 150 is OMRI-listed, meaning it meets the requirements for use in organic systems, which is crucial for our organic dairy trial. The humic substances used in Menefeed MFG 150 are derived from Freshwater Reed-Sedge Peat, a mined product that undergoes mechanical processing to become suitable for animal feeding.

What are humic substances?

Humic substances are organic compounds that come from the decomposition of plant and microbial materials. You may already be familiar with humic and fulvic acids from their use in improving soil health or as foliar plant sprays (link to humic and fulvic acid info for crops). These substances have been shown to have many beneficial properties, although their exact mechanisms can sometimes be mysterious. Research has shown mixed results—sometimes they provide a clear benefit, and other times they don’t—but the potential benefits keep us intrigued.

In dairy cows, recent studies suggest that humic substances like Menefeed MFG 150 may improve rumen fermentation, enhance nutrient utilization, and even support the immune system. If these effects prove true, and if we see an increase in milk production, this trial could lead to a win-win situation for organic dairy farmers, helping them achieve greater production while maintaining cow health.

New to Texas Organic?

In case you didn’t know: Texas has impressive diversity in its organic agricultural production. The organic crops grown in Texas encompass staple commodities such as peanuts, cotton, corn, wheat, sorghum, alfalfa, rice, hay, grass, and soybeans. Beyond these staples, Texas farmers cultivate a wide array of vegetables, including lettuce, spinach, onions, tomatoes, peppers, kale, radishes, garlic, and microgreens. The state’s organic fruit production features watermelons, strawberries, blueberries, and various citrus fruits like grapefruits and oranges. Additionally, a variety of herbs such as basil, cilantro, dill, parsley, and other spices are grown organically. Texas also supports the cultivation of flowers, transplants, and specialty crops like mushrooms, aloe vera, and cacti.

Complementing its crop production, Texas’s organic agriculture sector includes a growing livestock industry. Organic farmers in the state produce milk and from milk lots of other dairy products like butter and cheese. There is a growing demand for dairy products nationwide and Texas leads in organic dairy.

Texans also raise organic chickens, turkeys, and cattle, supplying organic beef, poultry, and eggs to consumers. Moreover, Texas organic producers’ market organic beef and dairy replacement livestock, which are sold to organic operations both within the state and across the country. This extensive range of organic crops and livestock products demonstrates Texas’s rich and diverse organic agriculture sector, solidifying its position as a leader in organic farming.

So, what does a typical organic producer in Texas look like? Well this producer is probably located in one of 5 organic “hot spots” in Texas – the High Plains from Amarillo north and doing dairy, grain or silage crops; or maybe the South Plains from Lubbock south to Andrews growing peanuts, cotton or wheat; or possibly in the Central Texas area bounded by Comanche and Waco south to Austin, and growing forage crops for more dairy producers or small acreage vegetables; or maybe in the Gulf Coast area from Beaumont to El Campo growing organic rice; or this organic producer is possibly in the Rio Grande Valley right up against the Mexico border growing citrus and vegetables. With over 576,000 acres certified organic they are scattered across a big state. And they aren’t small either with the average sized organic farm being 1,249 acres. Even the median (right in the middle of the list) acreage at 370 acres is considered large for most states’ organic programs – everything is bigger in Texas!

Who Grows Organic Peanuts in the World

Ever wondered where organic peanuts are produced? Examining the global map of certified organic peanut farms reveals some interesting patterns. Countries like China, India, Brazil, Argentina, and Togo are major players in organic peanut production, and the United States also makes significant contributions.

Here’s a breakdown of the acreage dedicated to organic production with an emphasis on peanuts in some important countries:

  • China: Approximately 152,860 acres, with companies like Jilin Jinya Nut Processing Co., Ltd. contributing significantly.
  • India: Various Organic Grower Groups collectively manage over 103,686 acres of organic peanut farms, demonstrating the effectiveness of cooperative farming.
  • Brazil: Around 60,592 acres, with Sambazon do Brasil Agroindustrial Ltda contributing a substantial 60,573 acres.
  • Argentina: About 36,636 acres, with companies like Campos Verdes Argentinos SA and Conosur Foods Argentina SA being key contributors.
  • Togo: 53,325 acres managed by SOYCAIN TRADING SARL U, making it a significant player in West Africa.
  • United States: Numerous family-owned farms collectively contribute over 100,000 acres to organic peanut production, with notable producers one in West Texas managing 9,355 acres.

China’s Contribution

China leads with over 152,000 acres dedicated to organic peanut farming. Companies such as Jilin Jinya Nut Processing Co., Ltd. and Wuqiang County Jiyuan Oil Crop Planting Professional Cooperative are significant contributors. Different regions within China add to this market, but China consumes most of what it produces.

India’s Cooperative Farming

In India, numerous Organic Grower Groups (which have group certification) collectively manage over 103,000 acres. These groups demonstrate how small farmers work together to make a significant impact, collaborating to drive success in organic agriculture while keeping costs down.

Brazil’s Organic Production

In Brazil, Sambazon do Brasil Agroindustrial Ltda has 60,573 acres dedicated to organic production, including a substantial amount of peanuts. This company is not only a leader in Brazil but also one of the largest certified organic producers in the world.

Argentina’s Key Players

Companies like Campos Verdes Argentinos SA and Conosur Foods Argentina SA are significant contributors in Argentina, with combined acreage reaching around 36,000 acres. These farms focus on cotton and peanuts, concentrating in regions suitable for these crops.

Togo’s Role in West Africa

In Togo, SOYCAIN TRADING SARL U manages 53,325 acres, contributing significantly to the global peanut supply from West Africa. It raises questions about how much they export!

Family Farms in the USA

Now, let’s consider the United States. While we may not have single operations as large as those in China or Brazil, the U.S. has a network of family-owned farms that collectively contribute over 100,000 acres to organic production. For example, one Texas farmer manages 9,355 acres, making him one of the prominent certified organic peanut producers in the country.

These farms often represent family legacies in organic agriculture, with names appearing across multiple farms in Texas and elsewhere. This reflects the enduring nature of family farming traditions contributing to the organic peanut industry.

Acknowledging Other Contributors

We might have missed highlighting some of the smaller but important players in the organic peanut industry:

  • Paraguay: Companies like Indugrapa SA and Alemán Paraguayo Canadiense S.A. contribute over 10,760 acres to global organic peanut production.
  • Bolivia: Finca San Carlos manages 3,118 acres, adding to South America’s contribution.
  • Vietnam: Companies like FG Products Company Limited and Hebes Company Limited collectively manage over 8,600 acres.

These contributions, while smaller, are vital to the diversity and resilience of the global organic peanut supply chain.

Bringing It All Together

These peanut producers are essential links in the chain that brings organic products from the farm to your table. Organic begins on the farm and remains so until it is packaged.

Most people don’t consider where their peanuts come from or the journey they take. The majority of these farms are committed to sustainable practices, ensuring that organic integrity is maintained every step of the way. With the recent implementation of Strengthening Organic Enforcement (SOE) rules, the entire value chain—including brokers and even transporters—is now certified to ensure accountability.

Organic Triticale Resources

Click the link below to scroll down!

  1. Triticale: The Versatile Hybrid for Grain, Grazing, and Silage
  2. Advantages of Growing Triticale as Grain
  3. Advantages of Growing Triticale for Grazing
  4. Advantages of Growing Triticale for Silage
  5. Overall Benefits
  6. Triticale Seed Count and Weight
  7. Planting Rate
  8. Planting Depth
  9. Additional Considerations
  10. Seed Companies
  11. Organic Small Grain (wheat, oats, triticale, barley, and rye) Traders
  12. Other Resources

Triticale: The Versatile Hybrid for Grain, Grazing, and Silage

Triticale, a hybrid of wheat and rye, offers the benefits of both parent crops, such as disease resistance, drought tolerance, and high forage quality. In organic farming, triticale is valued for its role in enhancing crop diversity and resilience, which helps manage pest populations and reduces reliance on chemical controls. Organic triticale is commonly used for forage, silage, and grain, providing high-quality feed for livestock without the environmental impact associated with synthetic inputs. By integrating triticale into organic rotations, farmers can diversify their cropping systems, improve soil health, and contribute to a more sustainable agricultural landscape.

  • Food Use: Triticale is a hybrid of wheat and rye, developed to combine the high yield potential of wheat with the disease resistance and hardiness of rye. It can be used in bread, cereals, and other baked goods. However, its use in human food is less widespread than wheat due to differences in gluten quality.
  • Animal Feed: Triticale is often used in animal feed due to its higher protein content and improved amino acid profile compared to wheat. It is particularly valuable for swine and poultry diets and is appreciated for its balance of energy and protein.

Advantages of Growing Triticale as Grain

While triticale is not widely used as a grain for human consumption, there are still some benefits when it is grown for this purpose:

  1. High Protein Content: Triticale grain typically has a higher protein content compared to wheat and rye, making it a potentially valuable grain for animal feed where protein is a key nutritional component.
  2. Disease Resistance: Triticale combines the disease resistance of rye with the productivity of wheat, offering improved resilience against common wheat diseases like rusts and ergot. This can reduce the need for fungicide applications, lowering production costs.
  3. Adaptability to Marginal Soils: Triticale performs well in a wide range of soil conditions, including poor or sandy soils where wheat might not thrive. This makes it a versatile option in challenging growing environments.
  4. Potential for Niche Markets: There is potential for niche markets, particularly in specialty animal feeds and occasionally in health foods, due to its favorable amino acid profile and digestibility.

Advantages of Growing Triticale for Grazing

  1. High Forage Quality: Triticale provides high-quality forage that is rich in protein and digestible energy, making it an excellent option for grazing livestock. It has comparable or superior forage quality to wheat and rye, especially when grazed in the vegetative stages.
  2. Extended Grazing Period: Triticale can be planted in the fall and grazed in early spring, extending the grazing period when other forages might be limited. It provides an early feed source before other pastures become available.
  3. Vigorous Growth and Regrowth: Triticale exhibits rapid growth and good regrowth potential after grazing, allowing multiple grazing events in rotational grazing systems. Its robust growth habit helps sustain forage availability under grazing pressure.
  4. Tolerance to Adverse Conditions: Triticale is more tolerant of drought, acidic soils, and cold temperatures than wheat, providing reliable forage even in less-than-ideal growing conditions.

Many times, triticale or any small grain for silage is “wilted” first instead of direct cut by a silage chopper.

Advantages of Growing Triticale for Silage

  1. High Yield Potential: Triticale produces high biomass yields, which translates into significant silage volume per acre. This is advantageous for livestock operations needing large quantities of silage.
  2. Balanced Nutritional Profile: Triticale silage offers a good balance of energy, protein, and fiber, making it suitable for ruminant diets. Its higher protein content compared to some other silage crops can reduce the need for protein supplements.
  3. Early Harvest and Double-Cropping Opportunities: Similar to rye, triticale can be harvested for silage in the spring, freeing up fields for a subsequent crop. This double-cropping ability increases land use efficiency and overall farm productivity.
  4. Resilience Against Diseases: By growing triticale for silage, farmers can avoid many of the grain-specific diseases, such as fusarium head blight, that could reduce the quality of grain crops.

Overall Benefits

  • Versatility in Use: Triticale’s flexibility to be used for grazing, silage, or grain (even if limited) makes it a highly adaptable crop that can meet various farm needs, from livestock feed to soil health management.
  • Improved Soil Health: Like rye, triticale helps improve soil structure and reduces erosion, particularly when used as a cover crop or for grazing, enhancing soil organic matter and supporting sustainable farming practices.
  • Cost-Effective: Triticale typically requires fewer inputs in terms of fertilizers and pesticides compared to wheat, especially in marginal environments. This can lower production costs and improve farm profitability.
  • Reduced Pest and Disease Pressure: The inherent disease resistance traits from rye make triticale a robust choice against many common pests and diseases, reducing the need for chemical controls.

Triticale Seed Count and Weight

  • Seeds per Pound: Triticale typically has around 10,000 to 12,000 seeds per pound, depending on the variety and seed size. This is slightly larger than wheat and barley seeds.

Planting Rate

  • Typical Planting Rate: For triticale, the standard seeding rate is usually 60 to 80 pounds per acre, translating to roughly 600,000 to 960,000 seeds per acre, based on average seed counts.
  • Range of Planting Rates:
    • Grain Production: The typical range is 50 to 80 pounds per acre. The exact rate will depend on factors like soil fertility, moisture conditions, and the specific variety used.
    • Forage or Cover Crop Use: Higher rates, ranging from 80 to 100 pounds per acre, are used to ensure dense stands for forage production or effective ground cover.
    • Poor Soil or Dry Conditions: Lower seeding rates, such as 50 to 60 pounds per acre, may be used to reduce competition among plants for limited moisture or nutrients.

Planting Depth

  • Optimal Depth: Triticale should be planted at a depth of 1 to 2 inches. The ideal planting depth depends on soil type and moisture conditions:
    • 1 to 1.5 inches is generally sufficient in well-moisturized, lighter soils.
    • 2 inches may be necessary in drier conditions or in heavier soils to ensure adequate seed-to-soil contact and access to moisture.
  • Depth Considerations: Planting too shallow can expose the seeds to adverse weather conditions, while planting too deep can slow down emergence and reduce seedling vigor.

Additional Considerations

  • Soil Temperature: Triticale is fairly cold-tolerant, with an optimal germination range between 50°F to 77°F (10°C to 25°C). It can be planted in early spring or fall, depending on the desired use.
  • Row Spacing: Common row spacing for triticale is 6 to 8 inches. Narrower rows can help with weed suppression and efficient light use, especially in forage or cover crop situations.
  • Uses: Triticale is valued for its versatility, being used for grain, forage, and cover cropping. It combines the quality traits of wheat with the hardiness of rye, making it suitable for a range of environments. It performs well in poorer soils and can be used to improve soil health, provide forage, or as a green manure.

Seed Companies

Organic farmers are required to purchase organic seed when it is available, but for many crops, organic seed options are limited or unavailable. Many seed companies offer both organic and non-organic seed, and it’s essential for farmers to understand that non-organic seed can be used on certified organic farms as long as it is non-GMO and untreated. Farmers should always verify seed sourcing requirements with their organic certifier to ensure compliance while balancing the need for high-quality planting seed.

Turner Seed Company

Limagrain Cereal Seeds

Albert Lea Seeds (Organic Varieties)

Trical Superior Forage

Warner Seeds, Inc.

Organic Small Grain (wheat, oats, triticale, barley, and rye) Traders

Here is a list of potential organic commodity buyers (based on organic certification) who have historically engaged in the organic grain market. While these companies have shown interest in organic commodities, it’s important to note that their purchasing activities can vary based on market conditions, demand, and availability. I encourage you to contact them directly to inquire about their current buying needs and contract opportunities, as their purchasing intentions may change over time.

Barton Springs Mill, Inc.

Pink Rose Organix

Caprock Enterprises LLC

  • Beau Brown
  • 1301 E 5th
  • Plainview, Texas 79072
  • PO Box 53538, Lubbock, Texas 79453
  • 806-798-8900
  • beau@lonestarcom.org

Commodity Brokerage Services LLC

Coyote Creek Organic Feed Mill & Farm

Deaf Smith County Grain

Enger Farms, LLC

Lone Star Commodities, Ltd.

McDowell Feed Source

Muleshoe Specialty Grain, LLC

New Deal Grain Inc

TIERRA MANNA TRADING

Triple Nickel, Inc.

  • Kayla Nickels
  • 808 W 19th St
  • Muleshoe, Texas 79347
  • Triple Nickel East
  • 413 East American Blvd.
  • Muleshoe, TX 79347
  • (806) 272-7500
  • Triple Nickel West
  • 1680 CR 1044
  • Muleshoe, Texas 79347
  • (806) 272-5589
  • kayla@cknickels.com
  • https://cknickels.com/

Other Resources