Tag: soil-health

Organic fertilizer – what is it, what are the rules, where do you buy it?

I get lots of general questions about what to use for fertilizer in organic agriculture. It is generally accepted that compost is good for organic, but does it have to be certified organic compost? What about manure? Can you buy some of these processed fertilizer products? What are the rules for fertilizers?

Click on any link below to scroll down!

  1. 205.203 Soil fertility and crop nutrient management practice standard.
  2. What about some of these organic fertilizers you can buy?
  3. Some newer organic fertilizers – protein hydrolysates
  4. Where do you buy this stuff in bulk?
  5. Other Resources:

205.203 Soil fertility and crop nutrient management practice standard.

The first place to start is with the National Organic Program rules and regulations.

(a) The producer must select and implement tillage and cultivation practices that maintain or improve the physical, chemical, and biological condition of soil and minimize soil erosion.
(b) The producer must manage crop nutrients and soil fertility through rotations, cover crops, and the application of plant and animal materials.
(c) The producer must manage plant and animal materials to maintain or improve soil organic matter content in a manner that does not contribute to contamination of crops, soil, or water by plant nutrients, pathogenic organisms, heavy metals, or residues of prohibited substances. Animal and plant materials include:


First let’s talk about raw animal manure, which must be composted unless it is:
(a) Applied to land used for a crop not intended for human consumption or,
(b) Incorporated into the soil not less than 120 days prior to the harvest of a product whose edible portion has direct contact with the soil surface or soil particles or
(c) Incorporated into the soil not less than 90 days prior to the harvest of a product whose edible portion does not have direct contact with the soil surface or soil particles.

Second on the list is composted plant and animal materials produced through a process. This process involves the mixing of manures generally with some carbon sources like leaves, bark, hay, hulls, etc. to create a product that is:
(a) Establish an initial Carbon: Nitrogen ratio of between 25:1 and 40:1 and
(b) Maintains a temperature of between 131 °F and 170 °F for 3 days using an in-vessel or static aerated pile system or
(c) Maintains a temperature of between 131 °F and 170 °F for 15 days using a windrow composting system, during which period, the materials must be turned a minimum of five times.

Last in this list of NOP materials are Uncomposted plant materials. This is typically what you might call mulches like bark chips, leaves, grass, etc. These are used a lot in perennial crop systems to control weeds and add fertility over time.

As you can see all of these products are from a natural source and that natural source does not have to be a certified organic source. Neither the animals or the plants that you use to make compost or just get raw manure or mulch has to be from an organic farm.

What about some of these organic fertilizers you can buy?

Let’s go back to the rules: A producer may manage crop nutrients and soil fertility to maintain or improve soil organic matter content in a manner that does not contribute to contamination of crops, soil, or water by plant nutrients, pathogenic organisms, heavy metals, or residues of prohibited substances by applying, if you follow these restrictions below.

(a) A crop nutrient or soil amendment included on the National List of synthetic substances allowed for use in organic crop production (click here for that list).
(b) A mined substance of low solubility.
(c) A mined substance of high solubility: Provided the substance is used in compliance with the conditions established on the National List of nonsynthetic materials prohibited for crop production.
(d) Ash obtained from the burning of a plant or animal material, except as prohibited in the list below.
(e) A plant or animal material that has been chemically altered by a manufacturing process: Provided, that the material is included on the National List of synthetic substances allowed for use in organic crop production.

The producer (that is you or any company that makes an organic fertilizer) must not use:
(a) Any fertilizer or composted plant and animal material that contains a synthetic substance not included on the National List of synthetic substances allowed for use in organic crop production.
(b) Sewage sludge (biosolids from a city sewage plant or from a septic tank or a mix of either source with plant material to make a compost).
(c) Burning as a means of disposal for crop residues produced on the operation: Except, That, burning may be used to suppress the spread of disease or to stimulate seed germination. We sometimes do a heat process to “sterilize” a plant material before using. Doubt you will ever need this part!

Some newer organic fertilizers – protein hydrolysates

Protein hydrolysates are increasingly recognized for their role in organic fertilization strategies, offering a sustainable approach to enhance plant growth and soil health. Derived from proteins through hydrolysis, which breaks down proteins into smaller chains of amino acids or even individual amino acids, these products provide a readily available source of nitrogen and other nutrients to plants. This process can involve enzymatic, chemical, or thermal hydrolysis methods, each with its specific advantages and applications.

Nutrient Availability: Protein hydrolysates are particularly valued in organic agriculture for their rapid assimilation by plants. Unlike synthetic fertilizers, these organic nutrients are in forms that plants can easily absorb and utilize, leading to efficient nutrient use and potentially reducing the need for additional fertilization.

Soil Health: Beyond providing nutrients, protein hydrolysates contribute to soil health. They support the growth and activity of beneficial microorganisms, which play a crucial role in soil nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and the suppression of soil-borne diseases. This can lead to improved soil structure, water retention, and fertility over time.

Real Life Example: Consider a scenario where an organic farmer is growing lettuce, a crop that demands a consistent supply of nitrogen for leaf development. By applying a protein hydrolysate-based fertilizer, the farmer can provide a quick-acting source of nitrogen that is readily available for uptake by the lettuce plants. This not only supports the rapid growth of the lettuce but also contributes to the overall soil health by feeding the microbial life within the soil.

Problems? Yes, there are problems with some of these products. Nutrient availability is an issue. We have done experiments, and the product(s) may be slow to work in the plant or the actual nutrients may be lower than stated. This can be caused by a number of factors such as binding to soil or volatilization, but it does mean you need to know your source and product.

Sources: There are just too many to list! This new source for organic fertilizer is great to see but there are a lot of companies getting into this market. Just know that they are not cheap, companies can be far away meaning shipping is a big cost, and you need to know the product well. Please, please be sure that the product you are considering is OMRI approved. Sometimes these blends are with synthetic sources…….

Where do you buy this stuff in bulk?

South Plains Compost

  • PO BOX 190, Slaton, Texas 79364
  • Toll-free: 888-282-2000
  • Office: 806-745-1833
  • FAX: 806-745-1170 
  • Physical Address: 5407 East Highway 84Slaton, Texas 79364

Sigma AgriScience

  •  Office: 281-941-6944
  •  info@sigma-agri.com
  • Corporate Office
    580 Maxim Dr., Boling, TX 77420
  • Boling Plant
  • 2565 FM 1096, Boling, TX 77420
  •  Winnsboro Plant
  • 400 All Star Rd, Winnsboro, TX 75494

Morgan Bulk

  • 3075 FM 1116, Gonzales, Tx. 78629
  • Phone: 830-437-2855
  • Kerry Mobile: 830-857-3919
  • Bobby Morgan Mobile: 830-857-4761
  • Fax: 830-437-2856

7H Nutrients (Pelleted Product)

  • 8063 S US HWY 183, Gonzales, TX
  • Briant Hand
  • Mobile: 830-857-4340
  • 7hhand@gmail.com

Green Cow Compost

Microbes Biosciences (Rhizogen Granular)

Viatrac Fertilizer

Nature Safe Fertilizers

  • 5601 N Macarthur Blvd, Irving, TX, 75038
  • Main Phone: (469) 957-2725
  • Main Fax: (469) 957-2655
  • Rob Borchardt (sales)
  • Mobile: 512-850-7345
  • rob.borchardt@darlingii.com

Organics by Gosh

Earthwise Organics

Ferticell

  • Corporate: (480) 361-1300
  • Sales: (480) 398-8511
  • Fax: (480) 500-5967
  • info@ferticellusa.com
  • 5865 S. Kyrene Rd., Suite 1, Tempe, AZ 85283

True Organic Products

  • 1909 Fairhaven Gateway
  • Georgetown, TX 78626
  • Mobile (737) 403-0064
  • Corporate (831) 375-4796
  • Barret Milam-Regional Sales Representative-Texas
  • bmilam@true.ag
  • true.ag

Other Resources:

How Organic Farming Practices Revive Soil Health and Microbial Diversity: Evidence from DNA Studies

Picture – RhizeBio.com (Decoding Nutrient Availability with DNA Soil Testing for Agriculture)

In recent years, scientific advances in DNA sequencing have allowed us to delve deeper into the hidden world of soil microbiomes—complex ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that play a crucial role in soil health. For certified organic farms, where soil vitality is central to crop productivity, DNA testing has become a powerful tool to track the rejuvenation of soil microbial life. Here are several case studies and research examples showing how organic practices can bring “dead” or degraded soils back to life, backed by peer-reviewed studies and long-term trials.

1. Rodale Institute’s Farming Systems Trial (FST)

The Rodale Institute’s Farming Systems Trial (FST) in Pennsylvania, one of the longest-running studies of its kind, has provided compelling evidence on how organic practices restore microbial life in soils. Comparing conventional and organic farming systems, the trial found that organic soils had higher microbial diversity and biomass, which supported better nutrient cycling, drought resilience, and overall soil health. This microbial community improvement was observed within just a few years of organic management.

  • Supporting Study: Rodale Institute. (2021). Rodale Institute Farming Systems Trial: 40-Year Report. Retrieved from: https://rodaleinstitute.org/science/farming-systems-trial/
  • Seufert, V., Ramankutty, N., & Foley, J. A. (2012). Comparing the yields of organic and conventional agriculture. Nature, 485(7397), 229-232. doi:10.1038/nature11069

2. University of California, Davis – Russell Ranch Sustainable Agriculture Facility

At the Russell Ranch Sustainable Agriculture Facility, part of UC Davis, researchers compared organic and conventional farming systems to understand their impact on soil health. DNA sequencing revealed that organic plots contained a significantly higher abundance of beneficial microbes, such as Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, which are essential for decomposing organic matter and supplying nutrients to plants. Improvements in microbial diversity were observed within three years, showing how quickly organic management can enhance soil life.

  • Supporting Study: Bowles, T. M., Acosta-Martínez, V., Calderón, F., & Jackson, L. E. (2014). Soil enzyme activities, microbial communities, and carbon and nitrogen availability in organic agroecosystems across an intensively managed agricultural landscape. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 68, 252-262. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.10.004
  • University of California, Davis. Russell Ranch Sustainable Agriculture Facility. Retrieved from: https://russellranch.ucdavis.edu

3. USDA-ARS Study on Organic Transition in Salinas Valley, California

In California’s Salinas Valley, a USDA-ARS study focused on soil health during the transition from conventional to organic practices. DNA analysis was used to track microbial changes over time, showing that organic practices led to increased populations of beneficial organisms like Pseudomonas (known for disease suppression) and mycorrhizal fungi (which assist in nutrient uptake). Even heavily degraded fields showed signs of microbial recovery within three to five years under organic management.

The graph below illustrates how microbial diversity increased over several years under organic management, similar to what was observed in the USDA-ARS study in the Salinas Valley.

  • Supporting Study: Schmidt, J. E., Gaudin, A. C. M., & Scow, K. M. (2018). Cover cropping and no-till increase diversity and symbiotrophratios of soil fungal communities. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 129, 99-109. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.10.010
  • USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS). Organic Agriculture Research and Extension Initiative (OREI). Retrieved from: https://www.ars.usda.gov

4. The DOK Trial in Switzerland (FiBL – Research Institute of Organic Agriculture)

The DOK trial in Switzerland, a long-term study by the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), compares biodynamic, organic, and conventional systems. DNA sequencing and microbial analysis have shown that the organic and biodynamic plots consistently feature higher microbial diversity and functionality. Within the first few years, these systems already showed greater resilience and microbial activity compared to conventional plots, highlighting the role of organic practices in fostering a healthy, living soil ecosystem.

  • Supporting Study: Mäder, P., Fließbach, A., Dubois, D., Gunst, L., Fried, P., & Niggli, U. (2002). Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic farming. Science, 296(5573), 1694-1697. doi:10.1126/science.1071148
  • FiBL – Research Institute of Organic Agriculture. DOK Trial: Long-Term Farming Systems Comparison in Switzerland. Retrieved from: https://www.fibl.org

5. Organic Almond and Grape Vineyards in California

In California, several almond and grape vineyards that transitioned to organic practices have used DNA analysis to monitor soil microbial changes. Within a few years, they reported a rise in beneficial mycorrhizal fungi and reduced pathogen levels, signaling a healthier, more resilient soil system. DNA sequencing tracked these positive shifts, confirming that organic management can replace harmful microbes with beneficial ones in soil over time.

  • Supporting Study: Steenwerth, K. L., & Belina, K. M. (2008). Cover crops enhance soil organic matter, carbon dynamics and microbiological function in a vineyard agroecosystem. Applied Soil Ecology, 40(2), 359-369. doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2008.06.006
  • Hannula, S. E., & van Veen, J. A. (2016). The role of AM fungi in organic agriculture. Applied Soil Ecology, 96, 64-72. doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.05.011

The Role of DNA Analysis in Understanding Soil Revival

DNA analysis has been a game-changer in soil science, allowing researchers to observe the specific microbial changes that occur when fields transition from conventional to organic management. By tracking shifts in microbial diversity and function, DNA testing provides clear, measurable evidence of how organic practices promote a healthy, balanced soil microbiome.

These studies illustrate that soil health restoration is achievable within a relatively short time under organic practices. While soils subjected to long-term conventional management may initially appear “dead” or lacking in microbial diversity, the examples above demonstrate that organic farming can foster microbial resilience and diversity, creating a foundation for sustainable, productive agriculture.

Organic farming practices have been shown to significantly improve soil health and microbial diversity compared to conventional farming methods. This article on recent DNA studies provides compelling evidence for the benefits of organic practices on soil ecosystems (eOrganic, 2023).

Increased Microbial Diversity and Abundance

Organic farming leads to greater microbial diversity and abundance in soils. Research in the Netherlands found that organically managed soils had higher numbers and more diverse populations of beneficial soil organisms compared to conventionally managed soils (Hartmann et al., 2015). Similar results were observed in banana plantation soils in Taiwan, with organic soils showing greater microbial diversity (Lehman et al., 2015). This increased microbial diversity is crucial for soil health, as it improves nutrient cycling, water retention, and disease suppression.

Enhanced Bacterial Communities

DNA studies reveal specific changes in soil bacterial communities under organic management. Organic systems show higher abundance of beneficial bacterial phyla like Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Nitrospirae, and Rokubacteria (Hartmann et al., 2015). These bacterial groups correlate with improved soil biochemical properties and increased crop yields in organic systems (Lehman et al., 2015).

Improved Fungal Associations

Organic practices foster beneficial fungal relationships in the soil. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization is higher in organic soils (Hannula & van Veen, 2016). AMF extend plant root systems, improving water and nutrient uptake, especially in challenging conditions like drought or high soil salinity.

Soil Organic Matter and Carbon Sequestration

Organic farming significantly increases soil organic matter content. The National Soil Project found organic soils averaged 8.33% organic matter content versus 7.37% in conventional soils (National Soil Project). Organic soils showed higher levels of sequestered carbon (4.1% vs 2.85%) and a greater percentage of organic matter in stable forms (57.3% vs 45%). This increased organic matter improves soil structure, water retention, and carbon sequestration potential.

Nitrogen Fixation and Nutrient Cycling

Organic practices enhance natural nutrient cycling processes. Research suggests organic soybean plants may develop more extensive fine root systems and nitrogen-fixing nodules compared to conventional crops (Lehman et al., 2015). The diverse microbial communities in organic soils contribute to more efficient nutrient cycling and availability for plants (Hartmann et al., 2015).

Soil Enzyme Activity

Organic management boosts soil enzymatic activity. Higher levels of alkaline phosphatase and β-glucosidase activity are observed in organic systems (Bowles et al., 2014). These enzymes play crucial roles in organic matter decomposition and nutrient release.

In conclusion, DNA studies provide strong evidence that organic farming practices revitalize soil health by fostering diverse and abundant microbial communities, improving soil structure, enhancing nutrient cycling, and increasing carbon sequestration. These benefits create a more resilient and sustainable agricultural ecosystem.

Sources for Further Reading:

Hartmann, M., Frey, B., Mayer, J., Mäder, P., & Widmer, F. (2015). Distinct soil microbial diversity under long-term organic and conventional farming. The ISME Journal, 9(5), 1177-1194. doi:10.1038/ismej.2014.210

Lehman, R. M., Cambardella, C. A., Stott, D. E., Acosta-Martínez, V., Manter, D. K., Buyer, J. S., … & Halvorson, J. J. (2015). Understanding and enhancing soil biological health: The solution for reversing soil degradation. Sustainability, 7(1), 988-1027. doi:10.3390/su7010988

These resources provide additional insights into how soil biology supports agriculture and the role of organic practices in enhancing microbial diversity.

Lessons from a Study on Hay Variability: Insights for Organic Producers

When it comes to hay production, many farmers assume that bales harvested from the same field will contain similar nutrient levels. The differences across fields was evident in a recent article by Michael Reuter in Progressive Forage1. His article and data show us all, the significant differences even among bales from the same field. Understanding and managing these differences can make a big impact, especially for organic farmers who want to optimize livestock nutrition and maintain a consistent quality of forage.

Variability in Nutrient Composition: What the Data Tells Us

The following table from the article1 presents the nutrient composition and analysis of 20 individual bales randomly sampled from an 86-acre hay field, which was managed as a unit and harvested all at the same time:

The analysis of the 20 hay bales showed surprising variability in key nutrients such as Crude Protein (%CP), fiber content (measured as %ADF and %NDF), and essential minerals like Calcium (%CA) and Phosphorus (%P). Summary statistics of the nutrient composition are presented below:

Crude protein, for example, varied from 9.7% to 15.9%. This 6.2 percentage point difference could significantly influence the nutritional value of hay fed to livestock.

Fiber levels also differed substantially. The ranges in Acid Detergent Fiber (%ADF) and Neutral Detergent Fiber (%NDF) directly affect how digestible the hay is and how much livestock will eat. Calcium and phosphorus levels, which are critical for bone health and metabolic functions, also showed noteworthy differences between bales.

Why Does This Variability Happen?

Even in a well-managed hayfield, several factors can contribute to this nutrient variability:

  1. Soil Fertility Differences: Organic amendments like compost or manure may not be evenly spread across the field. Variability in soil nutrients can cause different areas of the field to produce hay with varying nutrient levels.
  2. Crop Rotation and Plant Diversity: Rotating different crops or allowing natural diversity in the field is beneficial for soil health, but it can also lead to differences in how well each crop absorbs nutrients.
  3. Pest, Weed, and Microclimate Effects: Organic fields often have more variability in pest pressure, weed growth, and microclimates. These differences can lead to uneven growth, which in turn affects nutrient content.
Managing Nutrient Variability

To minimize these differences and provide more consistent forage quality, farmers can take several practical steps:

  • Soil Testing: Regularly test soil across different sections of the field. This helps identify nutrient deficiencies or hotspots, allowing targeted amendment application.
  • Even Amendment Application: When applying compost, manure, or other organic fertilizers, try to ensure even distribution across the field. Variability in amendment application is a key factor in nutrient inconsistency.
  • Use Cover Crops: Cover cropping can help improve soil structure and increase nutrient cycling, which leads to more uniform plant growth.
  • Monitor Harvest Stages: Harvesting at a consistent plant maturity stage across the field can help reduce variability. Plants harvested at different growth stages can differ significantly in nutrient content.
  • Matching Regular Soil and Forage Testing: Applying soil nutrients based on soil tests and then testing multiple hay bales gives a clearer picture of the overall nutrient profile from start to finish. Testing hay allows adjustments in livestock feeding to meet nutritional needs effectively and maybe even save money!
Why Managing Nutrient Variability Matters

In organic systems, where synthetic supplements are not allowed, maximizing the natural nutrient content of forages is essential. Variable hay quality can significantly impact livestock health, as inconsistencies in nutrition may lead to reduced growth rates, lower milk production, or other health issues. Moreover, optimizing the quality of on-farm forage can reduce the need for expensive purchased supplements and any organic supplements are not cheap.

Maintaining consistent forage quality also supports animal welfare, which is a core value of organic and sustainable farming. Healthy, well-fed animals are more resistant to disease, aligning with the organic principle of promoting natural immunity and reducing intervention.

Conclusion

Variability is a natural part of farming, but with informed management, we can turn that variability into an opportunity for learning and improvement—ultimately providing better feed for our livestock and keeping our farms resilient.

1.Data Source: October 1, 2024 issue of Progressive Forage written by Michael Reuter, Analytical Services Technical Manager at Dairy One Cooperative Inc. and Equi-Analytical Labs.

Soil testing, soil results, soil test labs

Soil sampling is an essential practice in agriculture, providing a foundation for informed decision-making regarding soil management and crop production. The process involves collecting soil samples from multiple locations within a field to analyze for nutrient content, pH levels, organic matter, and other soil properties. This analysis offers a snapshot of the soil’s health and fertility, guiding farmers and agronomists in customizing fertilizer applications and other soil amendments to meet the specific needs of their crops. By tailoring these practices based on soil test results, producers can optimize plant growth, increase crop yields, and reduce the risk of over-application of fertilizers, thereby minimizing environmental impact.

The benefits of soil sampling extend beyond the immediate improvement of crop production. It plays a crucial role in sustainable agriculture by helping to maintain soil health over the long term. Healthy soil supports a diverse microbial ecosystem, improves water retention and drainage, and enhances the soil’s ability to store carbon, contributing to the mitigation of climate change. Moreover, by understanding the soil’s condition, farmers can adopt practices that prevent soil degradation, such as erosion and nutrient depletion, ensuring the land remains productive for future generations. Thus, regular soil sampling is a key tool in the pursuit of sustainable farming, enabling the efficient use of resources while protecting and enhancing the natural environment.

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  1. Click a Link Below to Scroll Down
  2. Taking a Soil Test
  3. What does a soil test tell you about soil?
  4. Soil Tests Typically Taken
  5. Haney Soil Health Test
  6. Soil Wet Aggregate Stability Test
  7. Using the PLFA Soil Health Test
  8. Trace Genomics Testing
  9. Soil Labs: this is not a complete list by any means but simply a guide.
  10. Other Resources:

Taking a Soil Test

Taking a proper soil test involves a series of steps to ensure the accuracy of the soil sample, which in turn, provides reliable data for making informed agricultural decisions. Here is a detailed list of how to conduct a proper soil test:

  1. Planning the Sampling Strategy: Determine the appropriate time and pattern for sampling. Ideally, soil should be sampled at the same time each year, avoiding periods immediately after fertilizer application. Divide the field into uniform areas based on soil type, topography, previous crop history, and apparent soil variability.
  2. Gathering the Right Tools: Equip yourself with a clean, rust-free soil probe, auger, and/or shovel, and a plastic bucket. Avoid using metal containers which can contaminate the soil sample with trace metals.
  3. Sampling Depth: Collect soil samples at a consistent depth. For annual crops, a depth of 6-8 inches is typical, whereas for perennials, samples may be taken from a deeper profile, depending on the root zone of the crop.
  4. Collecting the Soil Sample: In each area, collect soil from at least 15-20 random spots to avoid bias. Mix these sub-samples in the plastic bucket to form a composite sample. This approach ensures the sample represents the overall area rather than specific spots.
  5. Labeling and Documentation: Clearly label each sample with a unique identifier, noting the sampling date, location, depth, and any other relevant information. This step is crucial for keeping records and interpreting the results accurately.
  6. Preparing the Sample for Analysis: Allow the soil to air-dry at room temperature; avoid heating or sun-drying as this can alter the soil chemistry. Once dry, remove stones, roots, and other debris, and break up clumps. A quart-sized sample is typically sufficient for laboratory analysis.
  7. Choosing a Laboratory: Select a reputable soil testing laboratory that uses methods appropriate for your region’s soils. Provide the laboratory with detailed information about your crop, previous fertilizer applications, and any specific concerns you have.
  8. Interpreting the Results: Once you receive the soil test report, review the recommendations on fertilization and soil amendment. If necessary, consult with an agronomist or extension specialist to understand the implications for your specific situation and crops.
  9. Implementing Recommendations: Use the soil test results to adjust your fertilization strategy, applying nutrients according to the crop’s needs and the soil’s current status. This targeted approach helps avoid overuse of fertilizers, promoting environmental sustainability and economic efficiency.
  10. Monitoring and Adjusting: Soil testing should be a regular part of your farm management practice. Re-test soils in each field every 2-3 years or more frequently if significant amendments have been made, to monitor changes in soil health and fertility over time.

Above is a standard soil probe that will last you for years – well worth the cost. Next is a picture of WD-40 which is a great spray for the probe to keep the soil from sticking in the probe. Clay soils can be difficult to get “out” but WD-40 eliminates the issue.

Following these steps ensures that the soil testing process is thorough, and the results are reliable, forming a solid basis for sustainable soil management and crop production strategies.

What does a soil test tell you about soil?

Soil testing encompasses a range of analyses that evaluate different aspects of soil health, soil properties, and soil fertility, providing critical information for agricultural management and environmental assessment. Here are several key types of soil tests commonly conducted:

  1. pH Test: Measures the acidity or alkalinity of the soil on a scale from 1 to 14. Soil pH affects nutrient availability to plants and microbial activity in the soil. A pH of 7 is neutral, values below 7 are acidic, and values above 7 are alkaline.
  2. Nutrient Content Test: Assesses the levels of essential nutrients, including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) (often referred to as NPK), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), and micronutrients like iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), molybdenum (Mo), and chlorine (Cl). This test helps in determining fertilizer needs.
  3. Organic Matter Test: Evaluates the amount of organic matter in the soil, which influences water retention, nutrient availability, and soil structure. High organic matter content is beneficial for soil health and plant growth.
  4. Soil Texture Test: Determines the proportions of sand, silt, and clay in the soil. Texture affects water retention, drainage, and nutrient availability, and it guides management practices such as irrigation and cultivation.
  5. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) Test: Measures the soil’s ability to hold and exchange cations (positively charged ions) such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium. CEC is influenced by soil texture and organic matter content and affects soil fertility.
  6. Electrical Conductivity (EC) Test: Assesses the soil’s electrical conductivity, which is an indicator of salinity levels. High salinity can affect plant growth by inhibiting water uptake.
  7. Lime Requirement Test (Buffer pH Test): Determines the amount of lime needed to adjust the soil pH to a desirable level for crop production. This is crucial for acidic soils needing pH correction.
  8. Soil Water Holding Capacity: Measures the amount of water the soil can hold and make available to plants. This is important for irrigation planning and drought management.
  9. Soil Aggregate Stability: measure how well aggregates hold together during a disturbance event. These tests can predict soil risks or management needs and track changes to soil overtime. The SLAKES APP is a great tool that is easy to use on your smartphone.
  10. Heavy Metal Test: Identifies the presence and concentration of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg), which can be toxic to plants and humans at high levels.
  11. Soil Health Tests: These are comprehensive tests that may include biological indicators such as microbial biomass, enzyme activities, and earthworm counts, assessing the overall health and biodiversity of the soil.

Soil Tests Typically Taken

Of course, a normal soil test or what you might call a Regular Soil Test discussed above is a must. These are not usually expensive, +/- $15 or more with micronutrients. This test is mostly meaningless unless I have previous year’s results to see what is going on. I have taken literally thousands of soil samples and often I will see something show up that is off the charts. I am not known to panic when I see a problem because I am not going to react to that test unless I know it has steadily been a problem that is just getting worse. For instance, we can see pH swings in sand from one year to the next. Before I lime a soil, I may take a second sample just to verify I need lime. $15 soil test is cheaper than $60 per acre lime application.

Second, I like to have a Haney Soil Test done to get an idea of the availability of many nutrients in an organic system and to better understand the overall “healthiness” of the soil. It is not cheap compared to the typical soil test. Most labs charge $50 so you don’t usually just send everything in for a Haney Test. Again, the results are only good if you have several years’ worth of data to see if you are getting better.

Next, is the Soil Wet Aggregate Stability Test. This test used to assess the ability of soil aggregates to resist disintegration when exposed to water.

Last, is the PLFA Test or Phospholipid Fatty Acid Test. This test measures the biomass of the microbes in the soil and is one of the tests that is currently being conducted to determine the microbial population of soil. See down below for more.

This is an example of soil test costs from one lab. They are all about the same price from multiple labs.

Haney Soil Health Test

The Haney Soil Health Test is a comprehensive analysis designed to evaluate the overall health and fertility of the soil through a holistic approach. Developed by Dr. Rick Haney, a research soil scientist with the USDA, this test goes beyond conventional chemical nutrient analysis by incorporating measurements of soil organic matter, microbial activity, and the potential for nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization. The test employs a unique set of assays, including the Solvita CO2-Burst test, which measures the amount of carbon dioxide released from the soil after rewetting dry soil to assess microbial respiration and activity. This is an indicator of the soil’s biological health and its ability to cycle nutrients.

Additionally, the Haney Test evaluates the water extractable organic carbon (WEOC) and water extractable organic nitrogen (WEON), which are believed to more accurately reflect the pool of nutrients that are readily available to plants than traditional extraction methods. By assessing both the chemical and biological fertility of the soil, the Haney Test provides a more integrated view of soil health, guiding farmers in optimizing their management practices to support sustainable agriculture. The results from the Haney Test can help in making more informed decisions on the application of fertilizers and amendments, aiming to enhance soil health, reduce environmental impact, and improve crop yields by fostering a more vibrant and resilient soil ecosystem. This test is particularly valuable for those engaged in regenerative agriculture and organic farming, as it aligns with the principles of nurturing soil life and function to achieve productive and sustainable farming systems.

The Haney Soil Health Test provides a comprehensive set of results that offer insights into both the chemical and biological aspects of soil health. The test results typically include several key indicators:

  1. Soil Health Score: A composite index that reflects the overall health of the soil, integrating various test components to give a summary assessment. This score helps in comparing the health of different soils or the same soil over time.
  2. Water Extractable Organic Carbon (WEOC): Measures the amount of organic carbon that is easily available in soil water, indicating the potential food source for microbes.
  3. Water Extractable Organic Nitrogen (WEON): Indicates the level of organic nitrogen available in soil water, which can be readily used by plants and soil organisms.
  4. CO2-C Burst (Carbon Mineralization): Assesses microbial respiration by measuring the burst of carbon dioxide released from the soil after it is moistened, indicating active microbial biomass and soil organic matter decomposition rate. This number will be between a low of <10 and a very high score is >200. This will be in parts per million or mg/kg which is the same.
  5. Soil pH: The acidity or alkalinity of the soil, which affects nutrient availability and microbial activity.
  6. Electrical Conductivity (EC): A measure of the soil’s electrical conductivity, which can indicate salinity levels that might affect plant growth.
  7. Extractable Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, and other nutrients: Provides information on the levels of these essential nutrients that are available for plant uptake, based on water extractable methods.
  8. Nitrate-Nitrogen and Ammonium-Nitrogen: Measures the inorganic forms of nitrogen available in the soil, which are directly usable by plants.
  9. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC): Indicates the soil’s ability to hold and exchange cations (positively charged ions) important for plant nutrition.
  10. Organic Matter %: The percentage of soil composed of decomposed plant and animal residues, indicating the potential of soil to retain moisture and nutrients.
  11. Recommendations for Fertilizer and Lime Applications: Based on the test results, specific recommendations are made to address nutrient deficiencies or pH imbalances, tailored to the crop being grown and the goals of the farmer.

These results (see below for a sample) offer a detailed picture of the soil’s current condition, highlighting areas where improvements can be made to enhance soil health, fertility, and productivity. By focusing on both the biological and chemical facets of soil health, the Haney Test guides farmers towards more sustainable and efficient management practices, emphasizing the importance of soil life in agricultural ecosystems.

Soil Wet Aggregate Stability Test

Soil wet aggregate stability testing is a method used to assess the ability of soil aggregates to resist disintegration when exposed to water. This test is crucial for understanding soil structure, which plays a vital role in the soil’s ability to support plant growth. In this method, soil aggregates are placed on a sieve and submerged in water, where they are subjected to gentle agitation to simulate natural conditions such as rainfall. The stability of these aggregates is then measured by determining how much of the soil remains intact after exposure to water. The results provide valuable insights into the soil’s resistance to erosion, its ability to retain water, and its overall structural integrity.

The importance of wet aggregate stability testing lies in its direct relationship to soil health and crop productivity. Stable aggregates improve water infiltration and retention, reducing the risk of surface runoff and erosion, which can lead to nutrient loss and reduced soil fertility. Additionally, well-structured soils with high aggregate stability allow roots to penetrate more easily, access nutrients, and withstand environmental stresses such as drought. For growers, maintaining high aggregate stability is essential for sustaining healthy crops and promoting long-term soil fertility, making this test a critical component of comprehensive soil health assessments.

The four methods you can use for measuring soil aggregate stability include: Slaking image analysis, Cornell Rainfall Simulator, Wet Sieve Procedure, Mean Weight Diameter

Slaking Image Analysis:

  • Overview: This method uses a smartphone app, like SLAKES, to capture and analyze images of soil aggregates submerged in water. The app tracks the degree to which the aggregates break apart (slake) over time. (easy to download to your smartphone and I can even use it!)
  • Why It’s Used: It offers a quick, accessible way to assess aggregate stability in the field without the need for specialized lab equipment. For farmers, this method is very easy and practical to use, making it ideal for routine soil health monitoring, though it may lack the precision needed for scientific research.
  • Click here to see a great explanation of this app and how to use on your farm.

Cornell Rainfall Simulator:

  • Overview: Soil aggregates are placed under a simulated rainfall, and the test measures how well the soil resists breaking apart and eroding. The simulator mimics natural rainfall to assess the soil’s response.
  • Why It’s Used: This method is particularly useful for understanding soil erosion potential and how soil structure withstands actual rainfall events. For farmers, it provides insights into how well their soil can handle heavy rains, though it typically requires access to specialized equipment only available at a few labs.

Wet Sieve Procedure:

  • Overview: In this method, soil aggregates are placed on a series of sieves and submerged in water. The sieves are then mechanically agitated to simulate natural conditions like water flow. The amount of soil that remains on the sieves is measured to determine stability.
  • Why It’s Used: It is a widely recognized and precise laboratory method for quantifying the stability of soil aggregates under wet conditions. Farmers might find this method less accessible due to its complexity, but it provides highly reliable data that can inform long-term soil management decisions. Typically used by researchers.

Mean Weight Diameter (MWD):

  • Overview: This method calculates the average size of soil aggregates that remain stable after being subjected to wet sieving. It provides a single value that reflects the overall stability of the soil.
  • Why It’s Used: MWD is a commonly used metric in soil science because it offers a straightforward way to compare the stability of different soils and management practices. For farmers, this method can be useful for tracking the impact of different practices on soil structure over time, though it’s usually conducted in a lab setting.

Using the PLFA Soil Health Test

The Phospholipid Fatty Acid (PLFA) analysis is a powerful tool for assessing soil health, focusing on the microbial community within the soil. Phospholipid fatty acids are components of cell membranes in all living organisms, and their presence and composition in soil samples can provide detailed information about the microbial community structure, including bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and other soil organisms.

How the PLFA Test Works

The PLFA test involves extracting phospholipids from a soil sample and then analyzing the fatty acid components. Each group of microorganisms has a unique fatty acid profile, allowing scientists to identify and quantify the types of microbes present in the soil. This information can be used to assess biodiversity, microbial biomass, and the balance of fungal to bacterial communities, which are critical indicators of soil health and ecosystem function.

Importance of PLFA Analysis for Soil Health

  1. Microbial Biomass: The total amount of microbial biomass is a direct indicator of soil organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling capabilities. High microbial biomass often correlates with healthy, fertile soil.
  2. Community Composition: The composition of the microbial community can indicate the soil’s condition and its ability to support plant growth. For example, a higher fungal to bacterial ratio is often found in soils with good structure and organic matter content.
  3. Soil Stress and Disturbance: Changes in microbial community composition can also indicate soil stress, contamination, or the impact of agricultural practices such as tillage, crop rotation, and the use of fertilizers or pesticides.
  4. Baseline and Monitoring: Establishing a baseline microbial community profile allows for the monitoring of changes over time, assessing the impact of management practices on soil health.

Applications of PLFA Analysis

  • Agricultural Management: Helping farmers and agronomists understand the impact of farming practices on soil microbial communities and, by extension, soil health and crop productivity.
  • Environmental Assessment: Evaluating the restoration of soil ecosystems following contamination or disturbance.
  • Research: Advancing our understanding of soil microbial ecology and its relationship to plant health, climate change, and ecosystem services.

Advantages and Limitations

The PLFA test offers a direct, rapid assessment of living microbial biomass and community structure, providing valuable insights into soil health that are not captured by chemical soil tests alone. However, it requires specialized equipment and expertise to perform and interpret, and the cost may be higher than traditional soil tests. Despite these limitations, the PLFA analysis remains a critical tool for comprehensive soil health assessment, guiding sustainable soil management and conservation efforts.

Great publication you can read on understanding these Soil Health Tests. Just click the link below:

How to Understand and Interpret Soil Health Tests

The “take home” message is not soil testing only, but records of soil tests you can see over time!

Trace Genomics Testing

Thanks to Dr. Justin Tuggle for sending this information to me about Trace Genomics. This is a fairly new company that basically tells you what kinds of microbes you have in the soil, good or bad, to then help make decisions of what you need to do. It may be a new variety, a biostimulant or a soil treatment.  I would like to see some producers try this new test and share some examples of what it can do. Click here to see their webpage.

A quote from Trace Genomics

“We engage in hi-definition DNA sequencing down to the functional gene level.  This lets us mine the soil microbiome to identify specific functions, commonly referred to as “indicators,” which can provide actionable insights to help you maximize soil health. One example is a phosphorus solubilization indicator, which analyzes the quantified capability of microbes in the soil to release bound phosphate and make it plant available.”

“In just one soil test you get insights covering more than 70 crops and more than 225+ pathogens. TraceCOMPLETE pairs unmatched soil analysis with hi-definition genomic sequencing to deliver an unrivaled collection of pathogen and nutrient insights. It can drive agronomic action in your most critical decision areas to help you make meaningful management decisions.“

Soil Labs: this is not a complete list by any means but simply a guide.

  • Ward Laboratories, Inc.
  • www.wardlab.com
  • 4007 Cherry Ave, Kearney, NE 68847
  • (800) 887-7645
  • TPS Lab
  • www.tpslab.com
  • Joe Pedroza, Business Development Manager
  • 4915 W. Monte Cristo Rd, Edinburg, TX 78541
  • Office: (956) 383-0739
  • Cell: (956) 867-7480
  • Midwest Laboratories
  • https://midwestlabs.com/
  • 13611 B Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68144
  • contactus@midwestlabs.com
  • Office: (402) 334-7770
  • Fax: (402) 334-9121

Other Resources:

Best Cover Crops for Weed Control and Fertility

Cover crops play a pivotal role in sustainable agriculture by enhancing soil health, managing pests and diseases, and improving overall crop yield resilience. Cover crops can be any non-harvested crop used primarily to protect soil from erosion during off-season periods, provide actively growing roots to extract and stabilize nutrients that might be otherwise vulnerable to leaching or volatile loss, and increase levels of SOM to promote soil physical properties and C sequestration. Cover crops have other values to farmers, as some crops can also be harvested for forage or seed or to diversify the cropping system
to suppress diseases, obtain other crop rotation benefits, improve off-season access to fields, or extract water during wet periods.

As a source of additional C delivered to soil during non-cash-crop growing periods (e.g., in fall and winter in many temperate regions), cover crops are particularly effective in supplying soil microorganisms with readily available carbon sources from both root exudates during growth and C-rich crop residues upon termination. Several studies have found greater soil organic carbon sequestration with implementation of cover crops (Poeplau and Don, 2015).
Often combined with no-tillage, management of cropland with cover cropping can enhance soil organic C sequestration due to addition of organic materials growing directly on land rather than imported from another location.

Just click a topic below to scroll down!

  1. Sorghum Sudangrass
  2. Sunn Hemp
  3. Cowpea
  4. Winter Cover Crops
  5. Cereal Rye
  6. Mustards
  7. Vetch
  8. Wheat (Triticum spp.)
  9. Oats (Avena sativa)
  10. Barley (Hordeum vulgare)
  11. Triticale (× Triticosecale)
  12. Daikon Radish or Tillage Radish
  13. Purple Top Turnip
  14. Other Resources (just click a title)

Sorghum Sudangrass

In the summer we plant sorghum sudangrass (top picture) for weed control because it has an allelopathic effect on weeds (click that link to read about it) and it shades any weeds coming on later. It is a vigorous and versatile cover crop that stands out for its exceptional contribution to soil health and weed suppression. Its rapid growth and dense canopy make it highly effective at outcompeting weeds, thus reducing the reliance on herbicides. This competitive growth habit is instrumental in shading out weeds, significantly lowering weed biomass and seed bank potential in the soil. Beyond weed control, sorghum sudangrass excels in improving soil structure and health. Its deep and extensive root system breaks up compacted soil layers, enhancing soil porosity and aeration. This root action not only facilitates better water infiltration and storage but also promotes the activity of beneficial soil organisms by increasing organic matter and available nutrients in the soil profile. Just remember the allelopathic effect (preventing weeds or the crop growing) last for 10-14 days after soil incorporation!

The benefits of sudangrass extend to its role in adding organic matter to the soil when it is mowed and incorporated as green manure. This process means making sure the plant is in a 30-40:1 Carbon to Nitrogen ratio. The decomposition of sudangrass residue releases significant amounts of nutrients, especially nitrogen, which are then available for subsequent crops, thereby improving soil fertility. Additionally, sudangrass has been noted for its biofumigant properties, particularly when specific varieties are used. The breakdown of its tissues can release compounds that suppress soil-borne pathogens and nematodes, further promoting a healthy soil environment conducive to high-yielding crops. However, it’s important to manage sudangrass properly, as allowing it to reach maturity (beyond the 40:1 carbon to nitrogen ratio) can result in a tough, woody residue that is slower to decompose and might interfere with planting subsequent crops.

Sunn Hemp

Sunn hemp (picture above) is increasingly recognized for its substantial benefits as a cover crop, particularly in warm climates where it thrives. One of the key advantages of incorporating sunn hemp into crop rotations is its ability to rapidly accumulate biomass, which, when turned into the soil, significantly enhances soil organic matter. This increase in organic matter improves soil structure, water retention, and nutrient availability, leading to a more fertile and resilient soil ecosystem. Moreover, sunn hemp is an excellent nitrogen fixer, capturing atmospheric nitrogen and converting it into a form that subsequent crops can easily absorb. This natural fertilization process reduces the need for synthetic nitrogen inputs, lowering production costs and minimizing environmental impact.

However, while sunn hemp offers numerous benefits, there are also challenges associated with its cultivation. One potential issue is its allelopathic properties, which can inhibit the germination and growth of subsequent crops if not managed properly. This is due to compounds released by sunn hemp into the soil that can affect sensitive plants, or it can work to keep weeds out! Additionally, sunn hemp may pose a risk of becoming invasive if not carefully controlled. This risk underscores the importance of implementing appropriate management practices, such as timely mowing or incorporation into the soil before seed set, to prevent unwanted spread. Despite these challenges, the benefits of sunn hemp, particularly in terms of soil health enhancement and its role in sustainable agriculture practices, often outweigh the potential drawbacks, making it a valuable tool in the arsenal of organic farmers aiming for weed control and soil health benefits.

Good video about Sunn Hemp from Missouri research!

Cowpea

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) (picture above) serves as an excellent cover crop in a variety of agricultural systems, providing multiple benefits for soil health and weed management. Its ability to thrive in poor soil conditions, coupled with a relatively low requirement for water, makes cowpea a robust choice for enhancing soil fertility and structure, especially in regions prone to drought. As a leguminous plant, cowpea enriches the soil with nitrogen through symbiotic nitrogen fixation, a process where bacteria in cowpea roots convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use. This natural fertilization boosts the nutrient content of the soil, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers and thereby lowering agricultural input costs.

In terms of weed control, cowpea’s rapid growth and dense foliage provide an effective cover that suppresses weed emergence by significantly reducing light penetration to the soil surface, thus minimizing the growth opportunities for unwanted plants. The shading effect also helps in retaining soil moisture, further supporting the growth of the cowpea while inhibiting weed development (this effect is not nearly as effective because it is a shorter plant). Additionally, when cowpea is incorporated into the soil as green manure after its growth cycle, the organic matter added to the soil improves soil structure, enhances water retention, and stimulates the activity of beneficial microorganisms. However, it’s important to manage cowpea cover crops effectively to prevent them from becoming a weed themselves, as their vigorous growth can sometimes lead to challenges in controlling their spread if not timely mowed or incorporated into the soil. Overall, cowpea stands out as a versatile and beneficial cover crop, contributing to sustainable agricultural practices by improving soil health, enhancing nutrient availability, and providing effective weed suppression.

Winter Cover Crops

Winter cover is more difficult because we typically start to get land ready about the time our cover crops start to grow in February/March.  Winter cover is almost always a small grain and most of the time we use a “combine run” wheat or oat since they are cheaper with a planting of turnips or daikon radish or both.  

Cereal Rye

Cereal rye (not ryegrass), scientifically known as Secale cereale (pictured above), serves as an exceptional cover crop for a multitude of reasons, pivotal for enhancing agricultural sustainability and soil health. One of its foremost benefits is its robust root system, which significantly improves soil structure and enhances water infiltration. This characteristic is particularly valuable in preventing soil erosion and runoff, thus protecting water quality in the surrounding environment. Additionally, cereal rye’s ability to uptake residual nitrogen from the soil makes it an excellent tool for nutrient management, reducing the risk of nitrogen leaching into water bodies and thereby mitigating the environmental impact of nitrogen fertilizers.

Moreover, cereal rye acts as a natural weed suppressant due to its quick germination and fast growth, outcompeting weeds for light, nutrients, and space. The crop’s residue also provides a mulch that further suppresses weed growth and retains soil moisture, which is particularly beneficial in dryland farming systems. Furthermore, by providing a habitat for beneficial insects and microorganisms, cereal rye enhances biodiversity and contributes to the overall health of the agroecosystem.

This picture is from Carl Pepper near O’Donnell on the South Plains. It was planted last September into cotton plants. Seeding rate is 4.5 lbs. of Rye and 4.5 lbs. of Barley with 1 lb. of purple top turnips burned in the freeze. Holds the soil, uses very little if any moisture and is cheap to establish.

Short video of Roller Crimping a rye cover crop at pollination

Mustards

Using mustards as a cover crop is a practice rich in benefits for sustainable and organic agriculture. Mustards contribute significantly to soil health and pest management strategies without reliance on chemical inputs. They are known for their rapid growth, which quickly covers bare soil, reducing erosion and suppressing weed growth through competition. The deep rooting of mustards helps break up compacted soil layers, enhancing water infiltration and aeration for future crops. Perhaps most notably, mustards possess biofumigant properties; when incorporated into the soil, they release natural compounds that suppress a variety of soil-borne pathogens and pests (click here for a great project with mustard seed meal). This dual action of physical soil improvement and chemical pest suppression makes mustards an invaluable tool in the organic farmer’s toolkit, promoting a healthier, more productive soil ecosystem and paving the way for successful crop rotations.

“Caliente Rojo” mustard is a variety specifically bred for its biofumigation properties, which can play a significant role in organic agriculture, particularly in disease management and soil health improvement.

  • Biofumigation Properties: “Caliente Rojo” mustard, when incorporated into the soil, releases isothiocyanates (ITCs), which are naturally occurring compounds found in Brassica plants. These compounds have been shown to suppress a wide range of soil-borne pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and some weed species.
  • Soil Health Improvement: Beyond disease suppression, “Caliente Rojo” mustard contributes to soil health by adding organic matter, improving soil structure, and enhancing microbial activity. This leads to better water infiltration, aeration, and nutrient cycling in the soil.
  • Growth Habit: It has a fast growth rate, which quickly provides ground cover, reducing soil erosion and weed growth. Its deep rooting system can also help in breaking up compacted layers of soil, improving root penetration for subsequent crops.
  • Sowing: It is typically sown in the fall or early spring when the soil can be worked. The planting rate and spacing should be adjusted based on the specific goals (biofumigation, erosion control, etc.). Typical planting rate is 8 lbs./ac. but can be lower.
  • Incorporation: For biofumigation, the mustard should be mowed or chopped and immediately incorporated into the soil while it is still fresh. This action releases the biofumigant compounds.
  • Irrigation: After incorporation, irrigating the area can help in releasing the biofumigant compounds more effectively as they hydrolyze in the presence of water.

Vetch

Common vetch (Vicia sativa) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) are leguminous cover crops celebrated for their multifaceted benefits in sustainable agriculture. These species excel in nitrogen fixation, a process where atmospheric nitrogen is converted into a form that plants can use, enriching the soil and reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers. This attribute makes them particularly valuable in crop rotations, especially preceding nutrient-demanding crops. Hairy vetch, with its robust growth and cold tolerance, is particularly noted for producing a significant amount of biomass, which can improve soil structure and organic matter content.

Both common and hairy vetch exhibit vigorous root systems that enhance soil health by increasing porosity and water infiltration, thereby reducing erosion and improving drought resilience. Their dense foliage serves as an excellent weed suppressant by outcompeting weed species for sunlight and nutrients, which can lead to reduced herbicide reliance. Upon termination, the biomass of these vetch species acts as a natural mulch, conserving soil moisture and further suppressing weed growth. Additionally, the flowers of vetch attract beneficial insects, including pollinators and predatory insects, which contribute to the biodiversity and resilience of agroecosystems.

Hairy vetch, in particular, stands out for its ability to thrive in a wide range of soil conditions and its notable winter hardiness, making it an excellent choice for cover cropping in cooler climates where other legumes might fail to establish or survive. Hairy vetch will produce more residue than common vetch 1/3 to 1/2 more. Common vetch does tend to reseed and establish easier in a pasture system compared to hairy vetch. When used in a no-till farming system, the decomposing vetch residue can release nitrogen slowly over time, closely matching the nutrient uptake patterns of subsequent crops. This synchrony minimizes nitrogen leaching and maximizes nutrient use efficiency, showcasing the role of vetch not only in enhancing soil fertility but also in promoting more sustainable and environmentally friendly farming practices.

Wheat (Triticum spp.)

  • Advantages: Wheat is widely adaptable, with a deep root system that improves soil structure and enhances water infiltration. It’s excellent for erosion control and can be a good scavenger of residual soil nitrogen, reducing nitrate leaching. Wheat also serves as a decent biomass producer in cooler climates.
  • Best For: Erosion control, nitrogen scavenging, and when a crop that can survive a wide range of conditions is needed.

Oats (Avena sativa)

  • Advantages: Oats are fast-growing and establish quickly, providing rapid ground cover to outcompete weeds and reduce erosion. They produce significant biomass, which can improve soil organic matter. Oats also die off in freezing temperatures, which makes them easy to manage in the spring.
  • Best For: Quick cover to outcompete weeds, adding organic matter to the soil, and as a winter-kill cover crop in regions with cold winters.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare)

  • Advantages: Barley establishes quickly and can provide a good ground cover and weed suppression. It’s more drought-tolerant than oats and can be used in areas with lower water availability. Barley also contributes to soil health by adding biomass and improving soil structure.
  • Best For: Fast establishment, drought-prone areas, and effective weed suppression.

Triticale (× Triticosecale)

  • Advantages: Triticale, a wheat and rye hybrid, combines the best traits of both parents. It offers a robust root system, excellent biomass production, and good tolerance to both poor soil conditions and colder temperatures. Triticale is also notable for its nutrient scavenging ability and can be used to improve soil fertility.
  • Best For: Biomass production, nutrient scavenging, and versatility in both cold and marginal soil conditions.

Daikon Radish or Tillage Radish

Daikon radish, often referred to as tillage radish, has gained popularity as a cover crop for its unique ability to improve soil structure and health through natural biotillage. Characterized by its rapid growth and large, penetrating taproot, tillage radish drills through compacted soil layers, creating channels that enhance air and water infiltration. This deep penetration also helps to break up hardpans, reducing the need for mechanical soil tillage, hence the name “tillage radish.”

One of the standout benefits of tillage radish is its capacity to capture excess nutrients from the soil profile. The deep roots absorb nitrogen and other nutrients, which are then stored in the plant’s tissue. When the radishes decompose in the spring, these nutrients are released back into the soil, becoming available for the next crop. This nutrient recycling can improve crop yields while reducing the risk of nutrient runoff into waterways, contributing to more sustainable farming practices.

Tillage radish also contributes to weed suppression. The rapid, dense canopy formation shades out weeds, reducing their ability to establish. This effect can carry over into the spring, providing a cleaner start for the next crop. Additionally, the decaying radish residue leaves behind significant organic matter, contributing to soil organic matter content and overall soil health. This organic matter feeds soil microorganisms, which play a critical role in maintaining soil fertility.

Moreover, the winter die-off of tillage radish eliminates the need for chemical or mechanical termination, simplifying spring field operations. This characteristic makes it an attractive option for farmers looking to reduce labor and input costs associated with cover crop management. The holes left by the decomposing radishes can also improve soil aeration and provide pathways for the roots of subsequent crops, potentially enhancing root development and access to deep soil nutrients.

Purple Top Turnip

Purple top turnip is a cover crop that has been used for years in Texas. The seed is relatively cheap, serves as winter grazing if needed, grows fast and adds lots of organic matter. It is known for its rapid growth and adaptability to a wide range of soil types, this cover crop is an excellent choice for farmers looking to enhance soil structure, suppress weeds, and improve nutrient cycling within their farming systems. The large, leafy greens of the purple top turnip create a dense canopy that can quickly cover the ground, effectively suppressing weed growth by outcompeting weeds for sunlight and nutrients.

Other Resources (just click a title)